1.Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, bones and muscles, it may also power up the brain. A succession of scientific studies of animals suggests that physical activity has a positive effect on mental ftinctioning.
翻译：正如运动能强心、健肺、固骨、壮肌，运动也能健脑。对动物的一系 列科学研宄表明，体育活动对智力的发挥有积极作用。
2.“It，s clear that the brain benefits from exercise，" says brain scientist William Greenough of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity: vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel, and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain, which, according to the proposals of some scientists，may make the brain better able to process information.
翻译：伊利诺伊大学香槟分校的脑科学家威廉•格里诺说，“很明显，运动使 大脑受益。”他对老鼠的研究已经表明运动具有两大功效：运动量大的体育运 动给大脑提供更多的动力，而技巧性的运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某 些科学家的见解，这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息。
3.In one experiment, laboratory rats were separated into three groups. One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skills in a complicated obstacle course，and a third group was inactive.
翻译：在一个卖验中，实验鼠被分成三组：第一组在自动轮中跑动，第二组 通过一种复杂的越障训练来提高技能，第三组则不做任何运动。
4.“The animals that learned to go through the obstacle course exhibited a greater number of brain connections than the animals in the exercised or inactive groups，Greenough said，“In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals.”
翻译：“与跑动的和不运动的老鼠相比，经过越障训练的老鼠脑神经联结数 更多。”格里诺说，“相比之下，在自动轮中跑动的老鼠，较之其他两组的老 鼠，其大脑的血管密度更大。”
5.Learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language can，he says. And if the dance is a good physical exercise as well, the benefits multiply. Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise, suggested another of Greenough5s experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats that had been exercised when very young. And while animals aren’t people, he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans.
翻译：他说，学习一种新的舞步和学习一种语言一样，都能促进大脑发展。如 果这种舞蹈还是一种良好的体育运动，则益处加倍。据格里诺的另一组实验 显示，年轻的大脑尤其能够通过运动来增强能力。这组实验表明，从小就锻 炼的老鼠，其大脑的变化为显著。他说尽管动物不是人，但依此推断在老 鼠身上发现的功效同样适用于人也合乎逻辑。
6.Human studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the brain processes information. Measurements made by Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstrate that inactive adults，aged 63 to 82, could hit buttons fester in response to a tone after they went through a 10-week water exercise course. A corresponding control group that didn’t exercise showed no improvement.
翻译：对人类的研宄主要集中在老年人身上，其结果表明，经常锻炼能提高 大脑处理信息的速度。伊利诺伊大学阿瑟•克雷默测量的结果证明，63至82 岁的不运动的成年人，在完成为期十周的水上运动课程之后，听音击键的反 应加快了。而另一组相应的、未经锻炼的受控人群则不见任何提高。
7.This boost in reaction time after exercise training may occur because declines associated with getting old could actually stem from declines in physical condition. Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be 汪 penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in ackiition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet.
翻译：接受运动训练之后，人的反应速度会加快，这可能是因为与衰老有关 的机能衰退实际上根源于体质下降。一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食 不当等相关因素外，常常被归咎于衰老而导致的大脑功能下降实际可能是对 不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。
8.“In older people, an exercise program appears important for brain maintenance，” says Daniel M. Landers, professor of exercise science at Arizona State University, who recently published an article reviewing the scientific literature on activity’s effect on the brain.
翻译：亚利桑那州立大学的运动学教授丹尼尔• 兰德斯说，“对老年人来 说，锻炼计划对维持大脑功能显得非常重要。”他近发表了一篇文章，回顾 并评述了有关运动对大脑的影响的科学文献。
9.Numerous studies show that children who engage in regular physical activity do better in school than their inactive classmates. But until recently, the academic edge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from the increased self-confidence, the better mood and the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise. Now, however, some scientists have revised their way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections.
翻译：许多研究表明，经常进行体育锻炼的孩子，在学业上比他们那些不活 动的同学优秀。但直到近，人们还认为因参加体育运动而获得的学业优势 来自于增强的自信、更好的心态，以及由运动时消耗体力所带来的集中注意 力的能力。而现在，一些科学家修正了他们的看法，表示这可能与体育运动 促进神经联结有关。
10.Pierce J. Howard, another expert, says new research indicates that physical exercise increases the amount of certain brain chemicals that stimulate growth of nerve cells. Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equ^ped to tackle mental challenges.
翻译：另一名专家皮尔斯•J*霍华德说，新的研宄表明，体育锻炼提高了 大脑中某些激发神经细胞生长的脑化学物质的含量。因此，那些进行锻炼的 人的大脑可能更有能力应付各种智力挑战。
11.Inactivity may also have negative effects on mind and body alike. “Scientists recognize that mind is body，and body is mind，comments Howard. The most beneficial forms of exercise, he says, engage both.
翻译：不活动对大脑和身体都可能有负面影响。“科学家们都认识到，心即 是身，身即是心，”霍华德评价道。他说，有益的运动是身心兼顾.面都于芝加哥分校。同时两个校区各自科研实力也均在全美50之列，均为美国一级大学。
