Conversations may be miscalcuting the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung(粪)the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conversation Society (wcs) in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Conrell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. "We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect" says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from aeroplanes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates, however, researchers tallying(统计) elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray(离开正道), says Plumptre.
He said his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Banyang-Mbo Widlife Sanctuary(禁猎区)in Southweat Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 percent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around.
This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates celcalated locally, says Plumptre "However accurate your dung density estimate is the decay rate can severly affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says "If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached(偷猎)outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows(地洞).
31.【题干】The word "threatened" in Paragraph 1 means_____
【选项】
A.frightened
B.angered
C.killed
D.endangered
【答案】D
【解析】
32.【题干】The way elephant numbers are estimated is_____
【选项】
A.technical
B.theoretical
C.unhelpful
D.mistaken
【答案】D
【解析】
33.【题干】Counting piles of elephant dung is not reliable because they differ in_____
【选项】
A.size
B.shape
C.track location
D.decay rate
【答案】D
【解析】
34.【题干】According to Plumptre, a dung-pile census be conducted in a_____
【选项】
A.natural range
B.small region
C.protected area
D.monitored place
【答案】A
【解析】
35.【题干】In making an animal census study, Plumptre advises researchers noy to rely on_____
【选项】
A.monitoring techniques
B.electrical devices
C.areoplanes
D.indirect evidence
【答案】D
【解析】
